The War Powers Act of 1973

On June 3, 2011, Representative Dennis Kucinich (D-Ohio) attempted to invoke the War Powers Act of 1973 and force President Barack Obama to withdraw American forces from NATO intervention efforts in Libya. An alternative resolution floated by House Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) scuttled Kucinichs plan and required the president to give further details about U.S. goals and interests in Libya. The congressional wrangling once again highlighted nearly four decades of political controversy over the law. What Is the War Powers Act? The War Powers Act is a reaction to the Vietnam War. Congress passed it in 1973 when the United States withdrew from combat operations in Vietnam after more than a decade. The War Powers Act attempted to correct what Congress and the American public saw as excessive war-making powers in the hands of the president. Congress was also attempting to correct a mistake of its own. In August 1964, after a confrontation between U.S. and North Vietnamese ships in the Gulf of Tonkin, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving President Lyndon B. Johnson free rein to conduct the Vietnam War as he saw fit. The rest of the war, under the administrations of Johnson and his successor, Richard Nixon, proceeded under the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Congress had virtually no oversight of the war. How the War Powers Act Is Designed to Work The War Powers Act says that a President has the latitude to commit troops to combat zones, but, within 48 hours of doing so he must formally notify Congress and provide his explanation for doing so. If Congress does not agree with the troop commitment, the president must remove them from combat within 60 to 90 days. Controversy Over the War Powers Act President Nixon vetoed the War Powers Act, calling it unconstitutional. He claimed it severely curtailed a presidents duties as commander-in-chief. However, Congress overrode the veto. The United States has been involved in at least 20 actions -- from wars to rescue missions -- that have put American forces in harms way. Still, no president has officially cited the War Powers Act when notifying Congress and the public about their decision. That hesitation comes both from Executive Office dislike of the law and from the assumption that, once they cite the Act, they start a timeframe during which Congress must evaluate the presidents decision. However, both George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush sought Congressional approval before going to war in Iraq and Afghanistan. Thus they were complying with the spirit of the law. Congressional Hesitation Congress has traditionally hesitated to invoke the War Powers Act. Congressmen typically fear putting American troops in greater danger during a withdrawal; the implications of abandoning allies; or outright labels of un-Americanism if they invoke the Act.

Preparing a Career Development Plan Essay - 1038 Words

Reasons Scott did not seek or receive advice from her immediate supervisor Self-doubt Although Scott took a step in the right direction by beginning nightly accounting courses, all of her efforts may be in vain if she does not change her attitude. Burroughs has already given Scott valuable advice on how to change her attitude toward her qualifications and the advice proved to be a success. Now, Scott must continue to seek and present her positive qualifications and build her self-esteem. Each of the ways Scott may prepare herself for career advancement mentioned below can help her build self-esteem and always go into an interview with a positive demeanor. Lack of communication Whether Scott’s immediate supervisor did not notice her†¦show more content†¦Five ways she can do so is by attending career-planning workshops, improving her networking skills, seeking out a mentor, practicing her interview skills, and searching for training programs. Attend career-planning workshops Career-planning workshops provide employees with an interactive way to assess their own values, interests, abilities, and goals. Attending a workshop would allow Scott to compare and discuss concerns and thoughts about her career with employees who may have dealt with similar situations. Having a space where she can connect with other employees, rather than management, can provide Scott with the environment she needs to openly discuss problems she may be having. Scott would also be able to gather feedback from others in the group and use this to help make decisions about her career path. Improve networking skills While being a receptionist, Scott may not have noticed the informal network between men within the organization she works for. Such informal networks provide men with information on advancement opportunities and career tips given by senior (male) members. Now that she is beginning a career where she may encounter such groups, Scott must be prepared to deal with such networks between her male co-workers. Rather than wait and see a male counterpart prosper from such networks, Scott should search and join a female network with her company. Joining a women’s network within her company will give Scott a level playingShow MoreRelatedProfessional Development Plan1604 Words   |  6 PagesProfessional Development Plan The world is going through an era of rapid professional change and development. This has led to increased uncertainty for all professionals in the world of work. To ensure sustained growth in success and longevity of ones professional career, it is important to develop a strategic plan that focuses on training and developing a professional. 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Report On A Richard Rogers Architecture Essay Free Essays

string(279) " was confident that the Gallic authorities would turn it down, but as it has it, they did n’t, and although it was criticized at first and claimed to be ‘ugly ‘ it is now complimented on being â€Å" one of the most singular edifices of the twentieth century\." This study is written to admit an architectural design icon, Richard Rogers. I will be looking at this adult male ‘s life and his achievements. Richard Rogers is my design icon because his edifices are bold, make bolding, attention-getting and of class, inspirational. We will write a custom essay sample on Report On A Richard Rogers Architecture Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now To acquire the information and research I need, I will be chiefly garnering it from the cyberspace, interviews and picture every bit good as any books I can come across. Hopefully, after reading this study you will understand why Richard Rogers is considered a design icon non to merely myself, but the remainder of the universe. Richard Rogers As a individual, Richard Rogers has lead an unbelievable life, born in Italy, he trained at the AA ( Architectural Association ) and Yale University go forthing with an impressive sum of makings. Richard Rogers, his spouse Norman Foster and their married womans Su Brumwell and Wendy Cheesman, set up an architectural pattern called Team 4, although this partnership merely lasted a 4 old ages, Richard continued to get married Su, and make a new partnership with Renzo Piano when they so designed the first of many inspirational edifices, the Pompidou Centre. Richard won assorted awards for many different edifices, even though he did hold some jobs with the populace about his edifices, he did travel on to plan another edifice, the Lloyd ‘s edifice in London, which is much more popular today than it was when it was being built. Richard has visited many different states go forthing his grade in many of them, including the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Germany, New York and Japan. He has inspired many people with his edifices and his finding. He has non being afraid of seting his thoughts frontward, and has been given both heartache and congratulations by the populace. He is committed to guaranting that his edifices should be â€Å" people ‘s topographic points † . The BBC invited Richard as the first designer to give the BBC Reith Lectures for a series called ‘Cities for a Small Planet ‘ . Richard even became the Chief Advisor on Architecture and Urbanism to the Mayor of London, he has besides been a president of the Tate Gallery and Honorary Trustee of the Museum of Modern Art in New York. If that was n’t plenty, he even went on to be knighted and became Lord Rogers. Richard Rogers has many accomplishments and has done many, many things over his life-time, below is a short timeline of some of his most singular accomplishments. Richard Rogers was born in Florence, Italy in 1933. Richard moved to London to travel to the Architectural association. He so went on to derive a maestro ‘s grade from Yale University in 1962. Richard met up with former Yale pupil Norman Foster and began an architectural pattern called Team 4 with their married womans, although the partnership merely lasted a few old ages, Richard rapidly found a new spouse, Renzo Piano, who together won the Prizker Price their edifice the Pompidou Centre which was built in 1977. His following chief edifice was Lloyds edifice in London which was completed in 1986 which became merely every bit much of a memorial as large ben. The European Court of Human Rights ( 1995 ) is really popular in France, for its antic expressions. The Barajas airdrome in Madrid was besides a caput Turner. The Millennium Dome though truly was a antic construction, stand foring so much in such a alone manner, this was completed in 1999. Another large undertaking was London Heathrow Terminal 5, there was so much to this undertaking, but it was eventually completed in 2008. And eventually, a existent memorial, Three Word Trade Centre, it is said to be completed between 2011 and 2015, it is to stand following to two other towers built by other designers utilizing the same manner. Born in Italy 1933 Architectural Association, Yale University 1954 1959 Fullbright, Edward Stone and Yale Scholar 1961 1962 Team 4 1963 1967 Pompidou Centre 1977 Richard Rogers Partnership 1977 RIBA Gold Medal 1985 Lloyds edifice 1986 Knighted 1991 BBC 1995 The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg 1995 Lord Rogerss 1996 Barajas airdrome 1997 Tomas Jefferson Medal 1999 Millennium dome 1999 Chief adviser on architecture 2001 2009 Stirling Prize 2006 Minerva Medal 2007 Pritzker Prize 2007 London Heathrow terminal 5 2008 Three World Trade Centre On-going Buildings Richard Rogers has designed many edifices, most popular are the Pompidou Centre in Paris, in London he designed the Lloyd ‘s Building, the Millennium Dome and London Heathrow Terminal 5. The European Court of Human Rights edifice in Strasbourg, Barajas airport terminal 4 in Madrid and the National Assembly for Wales edifice were besides antic constructions. The Pompidou Centre The Centre Pompidou was Richards first edifice created aboard Renzo Piano in 1977, the design of which won the Prizker Prize in 2007 by fundamentally making the edifice inside out. This meant that all the parts you would normally anticipate to see indoors, like the stepss, air canals, plumbing, overseas telegrams, etc. were all on the exterior of the edifice making monolithic indoor infinite, which is peculiarly utile as this peculiar edifice was used as an art museum, in fact, it is the largest museum for modern art in Europe. Not merely was this edifice functional, it besides complimented its usage for an art museum, affecting its visitants before they even entered the edifice. In theory, holding the internal care, such as the plumbing and air canals, should besides do the edifice easier to keep. Another congratulating facet of the edifice is how each external portion has being colour coded to do certain they stood out instead than intermix in. The Pompidou ‘s original programs were really much more excessive to get down, including traveling internal walls and adjustable floors, which unluckily, did non do it into the concluding design. Richard was at first loath to set this design frontward as he was confident that the Gallic authorities would turn it down, but as it has it, they did n’t, and although it was criticized at first and claimed to be ‘ugly ‘ it is now complimented on being â€Å" one of the most singular edifices of the twentieth century. You read "Report On A Richard Rogers Architecture Essay" in category "Essay examples" † The central office for Lloyd ‘s of London Richard used the Pompidou centre as an inspiration for his following edifice, the Lloyds edifice in London. This was a monolithic undertaking as the old edifice was created in steel where as this one of concrete. Once once more the edifice was designed with its internal parts, outdoors, this even included glass lifts which were the first of their sort in the UK, every bit good as the overseas telegrams, stepss, pipes and even the lavatories. This, of class, left big unfastened infinites on the interior. Once once more the Lloyds edifice was brilliantly coloured and brilliantly lit. The populace at first feared this would do this edifice an ‘alien ‘ is really â€Å" regarded as one of the finest edifices on London since the 1980 ‘s † The Millennium Dome The millenary dome is another 1 of Richards ‘s creative activities. It is a really cagey design with 12 towers or ‘arms ‘ squeeze outing from the white canopy which support the roof of the construction. Stretching out a monolithic 365m diameter, the Dome is the biggest 1 in the universe. The design of the construction is besides cagey as you will detect 365m in diameter, one metre for each twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth, every bit good as one tower for each month of the twelvemonth. Although you would of ne’er of realized until person mentioned it, it ‘s still a singular thing to hold built in. On the interior there was a big unfastened infinite with a fanlight in the centre of it all to make full with whatever the users would wish, which for the millenary, was split into 13 different zones to educate the populace in an synergistic manner, unluckily, the ?43 million constructing merely brought in half the expected visitants and was eventually converted into the 02 Arena. The millenary dome was a singular construction built for the millenary and had been planned for since 1996, and was originally planned as a impermanent construction to last merely 1 twelvemonth, but as it happens, it ‘s lasted much longer. 175 Greenwich Street 175 Greenwich Street is the future site of the 3rd universe trade centre. The construction will stretch up to 1155 pess with 71 narratives, four of which will be below street degree. The edifice will busy 200x 198 pess. The edifice itself has been designed to the highest energy efficiency evaluations. It is to hold a cardinal concrete nucleus utilizing a steel frame on the exterior of the edifice. It is planned to be completed between 2011and 2015 depending when the site is available to developers. The edifice will besides be accompanied by two other towers built by separate designers but hired by the same company, Silverstein Properties. All three edifices are to hold the same manner. London Heathrow Terminal 5 Terminal 5 was eventually approved in 2001 after a 46 month public enquiry, the longest public enquiry in British history. In 2002 work had eventually started and was non completed until 2008. The new terminus means that the airdrome can back up a much higher rider capacity, but it will non hold any more flights, although conservationists say it will take to more flights and pollution. For the terminus to be built, two rivers had to be diverted. Using unreal waterways to successfully deviate the rivers allowed the ?4.2 billion edifice to be built. Terminal 5 had to include a railroad station and several other edifices every bit good as a control tower ; this truly shows how large the undertaking really is. Manner Richard Rogers has been accused of holding several different manners, he himself is committed on his edifices being â€Å" people topographic points † , although this is non usually classed as a manner, he surely has made it into 1 with his constructions have extremely big indoor infinites. Bowellism is another manner related to his first edifice, the Pompidou Centre. Having the internal constituents such as the lifts, pipes, stepss and overseas telegrams externally, means that there is an unreal sum of floor infinite, which, for an art museum, is really utile. Post-modern is referred to another one of his constructions, the Lloyds edifice in London, holding all the constituents clearly seeable, and so brilliantly painted, and so brilliantly illume When Richard was younger, he dreamed of constructing a Zip-up house where his parents would populate, a zip-up house fundamentally means ready to piece or a level battalion house. Having walls, floors, panels and so on prebuilt and fabricated doing the edifice energy efficient, and easy to set. Decision As you can see, Richard Rogers has lead a singular life, constructing many inspirational edifices such as the Pompidou Centre, go forthing his grade in many states such as England, and many metropoliss such as Strasbourg, he has received many good merited awards for his edifices and has even been knighted by the queen. He has an unbelievable design oculus, and is non afraid to travel outside of the box, or in some instances, the edifice, and even though some of his edifices have been criticized severely, in the terminal, they ever came out positive. The fact that Richard is still planing, and his designs still make the public pant is astonishing, hopefully he will go on to construct and design for every bit long as possible, and I ‘m certain that many people will be inspired by his work and his life. All of these things, and many, many more, rebelliously make him a supreme pick of a design icon. Recommendations Trying to urge anything for Richard Rogers is highly hard as he has done it all, he ‘s traveled, he ‘s married, he ‘s left his grade, he ‘s divine, he ‘s lived, if anything people should look at his life and do recommendations for themselves. Make what you love making, and do it until you die, do n’t be afraid of seting your thoughts frontward, and battle for what you want. How to cite Report On A Richard Rogers Architecture Essay, Essay examples

The Primary Duty Of A Surgeon Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Primary Duty Of A Surgeon. Answer: Paediatric Preoperative care: The primary duty of a surgeon after entering the Operation Theatre or OT, is studying the patient and their clinical account. The initial patient observation is based on visual perception; this helps us gather general overview about the patients health such as state of consciousness, breathing pattern, pigmentation, and body temperature (Yentis et al. 2009). More importantly, post-operative survival rate depends on the initial assessment of the distressed patients before operation (McFadyen et al. 2012). If this issue arises, the change of pigmentation and body temperature of the affected area will signify blockage of blood circulation to the limb, as a result, the patients pulse could be checked accordingly. The Royal College of Nursing RCN recommends that, OT surgeons and nursing staffs should be skilled enough to recognise the ailing patient (Royal College of Nursing RCN 2013). The College of Operation Department Practitioners CODP states that surgeons play an important role in analyzing, devising and delivering the services required in an OT. Observation of a recognizable bruise on the head of a patient should be considered as a possible brain injury from trauma and the patient should be subjected to CT scan immediately. The recommendation provided by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE 2014) states that it is the duty of the OT surgeon to make sure that the scan is thoroughly completed and make further observation to check for abnormalities like; dizziness, memory-loss, spasm to detect any potential head injury or major/minor skull rupture, and report immediately. The TBI patient should be subjected to clinical observation for at least 2 days post damage and monitoring for blood and intracranial pressure is important. Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland recommends that if the pre-operational vaccine was not activated the surgery should be postponed for 48 hours after the administration of the vaccine, for which it is essential to check the immunisation history (APAGBI 2007). The British Medical Association (BMA) suggests that the consent form is to be passed on to only the person who signed the form in the reception desk (BMA 2000). Adolescent and underage patients who are unable to sign the consent form should be accompanied by a parent or guardian who can responsibly sign on behalf of them, as recommended by the National Health Services (NHS). In case of separated parents, the custodial parent or the parent with a legal permission or either parents legal partner may have the ability to sign the consent form on behalf of the minor, according to the norms of the Department of Health (DH 2006). The patient if in case is a minor, using the Gillick competency assessment can be analyzed whether he is consciously mature enough to understand the severity of his condition and consequences of the surgery (Griffith 2013). In the given case the patient seems to be in distress and indifferent to the surrounding and succumbed to crying which may oppose the Gillick competency. Fasting time before the surgery is an important issue in emergency cases which is to be taken seriously and reviewed with the respondent nurse in the respective department. This step is important to avoid the ascending of digestive materials during anaesthetic conditions. (Maltby 2006). It is recommended by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland AAGBI (2010) the individual healthcare facilities should have their own policies regarding Fasting time. According to RCN, medications prior to operation do not react with the fasting recommendations. Even in cases with children with supra-condylar fracture issues are recommended fasting (RCN 2005). A survey on 399 children with supra-condylar fracture surgery was studied and found that delay in surgery due to fasting did not complicate the outcome of the surgery in any way (Larson et al. 2013). Nevertheless, the research team suggests more in depth study that will establish the beneficial effects of intervention during supra-condylar fracture surgery. A different controlled study performed by Kronner and his has reflected postponement of supra-condylar fracture surgery in minors did not affect the outcome of the procedure (Kronner et al. 2013). Nowadays, practitioners administer fasting time, approximately 18 hours before the surgery (Absug and Herman 2012). Engagement with patient and their family is essential after the patient is checked into the OT. Self introduction is important to ensure effective communication with the patient party (Health and Care Professions Council HCPC 2012). Decreasing the preoperative nervousness of minor patients is important and surgeons should effectively communicate to ensure that (Murphy and Taylor 1999). Parents of the minor undergoing surgery should be informed about the surgery, the type of anaesthesia administered and the post operational pain treatment that will be commenced. Some minors show high levels anxiety and demoralised condition before surgery (Li and Lopez 2006). Details of the anaesthetic procedure, pain of the surgery should be kept from the minor as they show signs of anxiety and the family will be in distress (Smith and Callery 2005). Attractive informative flyers can be handed out to them. In the given case, since the minor is under stress, sympathetic engagement is important to assess his condition. Effective communication engagement is an important skill possessed by nurses and practitioners to make sure that patient and his family does not succumb to pain and address any issue immediately (RCN 2012). The biological parents were absent in case of the minors surgery, the severity of the childs outcome could not be foretold. Support from the parents or guardians during surgery should always be encouraged. If such situation is faced where the parents are unavailable, a staff should be assigned to the minor at all times to distract the child from anxiety or meet their needs (RCN 2011). The minor is this case, as directed by the mothers partner had fallen from a slide, showed multiple bruises and scars apart from his injury, which raises suspicion of physical abuse. Professional and moral duties of the surgeon prohibit them to take legal actions in these cases (HCPC 2012) , but the assigned doctor can express concern or query if deemed necessary and a team of doctors can be consulted for this case and a vigilant nursing staff should be assigned to the minor to ensure child protection by the Royal College of Paediatric and Child Health (RCPH 2008). Local authorities can be informed so that evaluation of the childs suspected abuse can be done and commence legal action under the child protection act (Working Together to Safeguard Children 2010). Protection of the welfare and health of the possibly abused minor is recommended by the Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCOA) and Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APAGBI) in 2010. Intra-operational Paediatric care: The injury treatment procedure of supra-condylar fracture in case of trauma care patient is important segments to be considered, starting from anaesthesia, pain managing, homeostatic stability, and breathing control for minors (McFadyen et al. 2012). All required equipments should be made ready before the administration of anaesthesia to the minor (Gwinnutt 2008). Patient safety can be ensured by controlling the breathing of the minor during anaesthesia (Benumof and Klock 2007). Depending on the anatomy of the minor the surgeon should prepare various breathing device to avoid troubles during intubation (Finucane et al. 2011). The most common breathing device used for minors are Non-cuffed Endotracheal Tubes (ETT). Emergency drugs like atropine or succinyl-choline should be kept ready beforehand. In case, the child shows reluctant intravascular access, the anaesthesia can be administered through inhalation. Short trachea in children may hinder auscultation, which is why checking the p osition of the ETT is important (Hagberg et al. 2007). Accidental displacement of the ETT can be avoided by immobilising the tube (Hagberg et al. 2007). A newer approach to breathing management is rapid sequence intubation (RSI), utilizing a step by step approach to preparation, sedation, and paralysis which substantially minimizes patients consciousness (Ahcmedia.com 2014). There are three steps involved in Pain management: pre, intra, and post operative methods. Using pain management and assessing tools is important to evaluate the severity of the pain (APAGBI 2012). Lowering of the anxiousness and inhibiting the health deterioration of the minor is important in managing pain. Immobilizing or relaxing the minor can be effective in pain managing service. The response towards pain varies with every child, which makes it difficult to evaluate. The different tools for Pain assessment are implemented, like Face, Legs, Activity, cry, and Consolability (FLACC) used for children under 7 and above 2 years (McFadyen et al. 2012). Preoperative pain scales are also used in cases where the minor is unable to express the severity of the pain. This form of patient service is offered at the emergency unit by distracting the child with playing materials and non-clinical techniques, like showing an animated movie. Administration of analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce chances of opioid based medicines (APAGBI 2012). Blocking the peripheral nerves is an effective method to reduce pain. Marinating the homeostatic stability of the minor is essential and can be administered by controlling the fluid intake and temperature control in OT (Vincent et al. 2011). Loss of blood from the injured area can be inhibited to ensure blo od volume of the patient is up to threshold limit. Recommendations from APAGBI show that hypotonic fluids prepared with 4% dextrose and 0.18% salt is effective in such conditions (APAGBI 2007). The preferred solutions for intra operative fluid administration are isotonic solutions and Ringers Lactate (Vincent et al. 2011). Observations should be made if patient seems dehydrated and the issue is solved by checking vital signs (APAGBI 2010). Thermal regulations and management policies are provided to healthcare facilities which can be addressed in these cases to maintain the temperature (Bernardo et al. 1999). Administrator of anaesthesia should skilled enough to understand the clinical symptoms the minor may exude. The assigned nurse or doctor should be prepared to administer thermal heating tools, fluid and blood channelling conditions. If any such situation arises, pair-huggers, warming mattresses should be provided to avoid hypothermic conditions. Pain Management: According to the Guidelines of RCN, scheduled check-ups should contain a separate pain assessing segment to ensure that the child is properly diagnosed. The faces scale technique can be utilised to evaluate the pain of a child less than 7 years of age in the room where they recover (RCN 2009). A recent practice common amongst paediatric practitioners is using the cream for anaesthesia, like EMLA before administering intravenous cannula (Debeer and Lockie 2008). Analgesic medicines should be kept close in case of emergency during surgical procedure (Howard 2008). Generally, using opioid and NSAID based pain relief medicines are administered after the completion of the surgery (Howard 2008). A brachial plexus block method can be implemented to lower the pain levels and stress after surgery (Fiadjoe et al. 2013). A secondary, intraclavicular instead of supraclavicular block can be carried out (Marhofer et al. 2008). Children with a case of nerve blocks in the periphery, ultrasound guidance shloud be implemented so that post operative complication are lowered and patient safety is ensured (Fiadjoe et al. 2013). The Psychosocial Care of Children in Hospital: Separate setting for adults and children is recommended by the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE 2007). It is important to set up the care facility and provide services, both according to the need of the child as well as their family (Department of Health 2003). The NHS has framed a set of guidelines to follow during such situations. Interdepartmental as well as inter agency connection is important to maintain the working flow of the care facility, if such issue arises where the child may need help from social work organizations. The child health unit of the care facility is expected to have the best possible service (RCSE 2007), where presence of minimum one assigned nursing staff at all times. Since I am an OPD myself, my paediatric training is limited to a certain extent, but fluency of information among the patient, assigned doctors, nurses and their family is very important to avoid confusion and child harming. Children are better provided age appropriate information for protection (Cunnington 2008). Parents or guardians are allowed to stay with the minor patient in the anaesthesia and recovery room (RCSE 2007). Studies have shown many psychological recompense when a parent or guardian is allowed to reside with the child patient instead of allowing them to visit at scheduled timings (Priddis and Shields 2011). Children have shown symptoms of anxiety and distress in absence of their closed ones with regards to the Attachment theory. Presence of a figure that the children are attached to makes them feel safe, this practice should be allowed (Priddis and Shields 2011). If the mother is unavailable, then the person who is second closest to the child should be allowed. Analysis of various research articles have shown the different psychological responses a child exudes after admission into the hospital are segregated in two three broad categories: ecological (family and hospital atmosphere), biological (sex, personality, clinical symptoms) and lastly development and cognitive functions (brain development, previous incident and coping mechanism). Studies have shown the importance of survival mechanism and plan of action that children utilize in the daily life to deal with stress is correlated with the genetic traits that define a childs character, like vigilant-active or avoidant-reactive (Vessey 2003). Similar survival instincts are seen when a child is ill and ailing (Ryan and Wenger 1996). Therefore, it is essential to gather knowledge about the childs survival instincts from previous experiences. Legal and Ethical Issues: The case study provided is an example of typical injury occurring from falling down from a height in children (Kemp et al. 2008). The problem is that the child has visible bruises and scars that are a result of possible physical maltreatment. In terms of ethics, beyond medical qualification, the safety of a child overrides, professional boundaries (RCPCH 2007). It the responsibility of the assigned healthcare staff to ensure that the child is safeguarded in the hospital premises (RCPCH 2010). In case of the given case study it is advised to contact a local child protection or social working organization , who may be able to provide the child proper protection they require (NHS 2012). The intercollegiate safeguard guidelines, state that assigned nurses and doctors are expected to provide level 2 competence (RCPCH 2010). These guidelines included state, recognition of signs of child abuse and reporting that incident to a higher authority and keeping written account of the incident to help with potential police investigative procedure. Clear distinction between assumption and clinical proof is important in this case. Intuitive conclusions should be taken without any proof of the incidence and every person should be held accountable without guilt during investigative procedure. A senior with level 3 expertise should be contacted for advice regarding the matter (RCA 2012). Proof of hypothesis should be investigated without relying on visual observations and the child can be questioned to make a statement regarding the truth of the issue. In case the child needs to make a statement, the responsible parent of guardian must be informed to gather their consent. The case c an be taken to the local police station or court depending on the childs statement to take legal action (RCPCH 2007). Consent of the parent should always be collected in both cases on emergency and non-emergency (Department of Health Social Services and Public Safety 2003). If the above mentioned Gillick competence method fails to prove the childs mental maturity, the child cannot provide consent for themselves (Department of Health Social Services and Public Safety 2003). In case of absence of biologiocal parents of the child, the legal partner cannot provide consent on behalf of the child without legal permission; in this case, the biological mothers partner. In case where the delay in operation is predicted either of the biological parents needs to be contacted as soon as possible. Protection of privacy and confidentiality is a duty of the assigned medical practitioner and information should be withheld from unknown parties, unless a case demands legal action or investigation with respect to the childs safety and well being (RCPCH 2007).

Taylor vs. Bradstreet free essay sample

Edward Taylor’s â€Å"Huswifery† and Anne Bradstreet’s â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† both are written in Puritan plain style, however Edward Taylor’s â€Å"Huswifery† displays a more puritanical message. These poets use apostrophe and metaphors to thoroughly describe the subject in which they were writing. â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† is a poem that portrays Anne Bradstreet’s thoughts on her marriage. While Bradstreet writes about her love for her husband, Edward Taylor writes indirectly about his love for God in his poem, â€Å"Huswifery. Apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a speaker addresses an inanimate object, idea, or in this case an absent person. Taylor wrote, â€Å"Make me they Loome then, knit therein this twine: And make thy Holy Spirit, Lord, winde quills. † Taylor is addressing God by asking him if he could help God create his own Holy robe. Anne Bradstreet also addresses God by asking H im to reward her husband for loving her well by making him part of the elect. We will write a custom essay sample on Taylor vs. Bradstreet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She writes, â€Å"Thy love is such I can no way repay. The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray,† (Bradstreet). Anne Bradstreet uses metaphors to compare her love to many things. Bradstreet comments, â€Å"My love is such that rivers cannot quench, nor ought but love from thee give recompense. † She compares her love to gold, meaning that it is rich; then later compares her love to rivers, meaning there are no boundaries. While Bradstreet uses different metaphors, Edward Taylor uses a much longer, descriptive metaphor, known as a conceit. The conceit compares Taylor’s everyday actions and words to every stitch and spoole needed to sew together his Holy robe that allows him into the elect. He writes, â€Å"And make my Soule thy holy Spoole to bee. My Conversation make to be they Reele, and reele the yarn thereon spun of thy Wheele† (Taylor). Edward Taylor’s â€Å"Huswifery† depicts a more puritanical message. Bradstreet makes the impression that she only wants for her husband and herself to become part of the elect, so that they can spend all of eternity together. Through the use of a conceit and apostrophe, Taylor shows that he wants to live his life for God. He knows that every action that he made and word that he spoke on Earth would determine whether or not he would be a part of the elect.

Hippo Words

Hippo Words Hippo Words Hippo Words By Maeve Maddox A reader writes: My office mates call me a hippocrite. When I found this misspelling on a chat site, I started wondering if there might be a connection between hypocrite and the hippo words n English. The prefix hypo is from Greek and means under. In most English words its pronounced with a long i as in hypodermic. The pronunciation of hypocrite is an exception. hypodermic: hypo + derma (skin) a needle that goes under the skin. hypothermic: hypo + therme (heat) body temperature under normal. hypoglycemia: hypo + glykis (sweet) + haima (blood) sugar in the blood under normal hypotenuse: hypo + teinein (to stretch the right angle stretches under Things start getting complicated with the under connection when we get to hypochondria and hypocrisy. In Late Latin hypochondria meant the abdomen, hypo+chondros cartilage of the breastbone. In the 17th century hypochondria came to mean depression or melancholy illness without cause. This usage reflected an ancient belief that melancholy originated in the hypchondria. Then, in the 19th century, hypochondria acquired its present meaning of any illness without a specific cause. hypocrisy: the crisy part of this word derives from a Greek word that meant to sift, to differentiate. The sense of sift evolved from to separate gradually to to answer and then to answer a fellow actor on the stage. From there it came to mean acting on the stage. Everyone knows that acting is pretending. Hypocrisy is pretending to be one kind of person when in fact youre another kind. A hypocrite is a pretender. The prefix hippo is from the Greek word for horse. hippopotamus: hippo + potamus, river river horse hippodrome: hippo + dromos, course a place to race horses The word hippogriff combines hippo with griffin. A griffin is a fabulous animal typically having head, forepart, and wings like those of an eagle but with visible usually erect ears, forelegs like the legs of an eagle, and body, hind legs, and tail like those of a lion. A hippogriff is a griffin with the hindquarters of a horse. Some other Hippos Augustine of Hippo: early Christian Father. He was bishop of Hippo in Algeria. The city there now is called Annaba. Hippocrates: the father of medicine, author of the Hippocratic Oath for doctors. picture of a griffin picture of a hippogriff text of the ancient Hippocratic Oath Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Exquisite Adjectives15 Types of DocumentsA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

Human Resource Management; Challenges and Changes Essay

Human Resource Management; Challenges and Changes - Essay Example This is an HR challenge that one perceives because it keeps him out of touch with his family and makes him feel alienated from his immediate social and family circles. Alan cannot be with his family whenever he needs to be, which is indeed something that does not go down well of his association to the organization (Werling 2005). One can be certain that other employees feel the same way but do not express such feelings as they are bound to remain tight-lipped on their feelings, emotions and sentiments within the realms of the workplace. One can believe that finding an immediate solution to this anomaly by the HR is something that will go down well with a number of employees. It will give all of them a room to feel relaxed, so that they can give their best as far as their work manifestations are concerned. HR challenges like these pose as serious threats for the new entrants within any

Spectator Article Historical Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spectator Article Historical Critique - Essay Example The Eighteenth century was still a time when suspected witches are condemned to death and that practice of witchcraft is widely seen as diabolical. So, understandably, the subject is extremely religious in nature. Addison, however, focused on the social dimension to the subject. The author started with a disclaimer – that on the issue of witchcraft, having to choose sides is tantamount to doing an injustice because the circumstances that lead people to accuse others as witches would be an uninformed judgment especially that those being accused are in danger of being put to death. He emphasized that one can never know for certain that an individual is a witch or that does practice evil magic. He declared that â€Å"there is, and has been such a thing as Witch-craft,† but that, at the same time cannot give credit to any particular instance of it. A crucial point raised by Addison was how appearances often fool people into thinking and assuming theories and myths about the m. In his narration regarding his encounter with Moll White, the alleged witch, he first painted the stereotypical individual who would not only scare others but also would be defenseless and unable to protect themselves against the malevolence and cruelty of others. Moll White was old, alone and poor. She was physically unpleasing and handicapped that people came to equate her presence to that of the devil and all misfortunes and ill omen that befall on the village. Though she was allowed to live with the community (though with constant threats of eviction), she was the usual suspect when catastrophe would strike. At the church, people are especially critical even when she say her prayer. Addison was subtle in his suggestion that witches were punished not because of magic but because they were undesirable people, outcasts who became convenient targets and escape goats for the inadequacies of humanity. A very strong accusation was hurled against the community when Addison pointed ou t that when Moll started to became a burden to the community, she was conveniently branded as a witch. People started spinning yarns about her, scaring children and each other with tales their own concoctions. Even Moll, herself, observed Addison, started believing that she may be a witch after all. What happened was that the community wanted to get rid of one of its members who can no longer contribute something and had the misfortune of having been born ugly or infirm. Morality restrains them from taking more crude actions such as killing or outright eviction and so they used witchcraft as a pretext to harass poor souls such as Moll White and punish them in the process. Unfortunately, up until the eighteenth century, witchcraft is one of the few crimes that require very little material evidence. As a matter of fact, the often cited pins by â€Å"witnesses† are enough to show the guilt of an accused witch. Out of all the points raised by this paper, there emerges the fact th at Addison’s time is slowly shifting into a more liberal society wherein education and industrialization helped to enlighten people. Addison’s attitude on the matter is a demonstration of this. The Wenham case cited earlier, which was seen as the actual object of interest in this essay, was actually the last witch trial in England. A

Corporate ocial Reponibility Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Corporate ocial Reponibility - Term Paper Example The caÃ'•e Ã'•tudy "Being Green" referÃ'• to a native Belgium called Gunter Pauli now living in the city of Tokyo, Japan. Mr. Pauli iÃ'• a buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•man who concentrateÃ'• on been a Ã'•ocial entrepreneur believing that aÃ'• organiÃ'•ationÃ'• operate in the twenty-firÃ'•t-century their effortÃ'• muÃ'•t be divided between not only been financially Ã'•uÃ'•tainable, but Ã'•ocially Ã'•uÃ'•tainable aÃ'• well meaning that a firm needÃ'• the capacity to adapt to changing Ã'•ocietal conditionÃ'•. Mr. Pauli'Ã'• aim iÃ'• to create manufacturing facilitieÃ'• that function to completely aboliÃ'•h waÃ'•te by reuÃ'•ing or recycling all the raw materialÃ'• they take in. Additionally, Mr. Pauli iÃ'• the former CEO of a Belgium company Ecover that produceÃ'• cleaning productÃ'• from natural Ã'•oapÃ'• and renewable raw materialÃ'•, operating at a near-zero-emiÃ'•Ã'•ion factory. Ecover developÃ'• high-technology productà '• baÃ'•ed on a maÃ'•tery of the chemiÃ'•try of renewable reÃ'•ourceÃ'• in order to eÃ'•tabliÃ'•h Ã'•uÃ'•tainable economic and Ã'•ocial development. (RobbinÃ'•, Bergman, Ð…tagg, Coulter, 2003). AÃ'• a great amount of media intereÃ'•t occurred, he left Ecover and moved to Tokyo to work for the United NationÃ'• UniverÃ'•ity and the Zero EmiÃ'•Ã'•ionÃ'• ReÃ'•earch Initiative (ZERI) trying to achieve zero-emiÃ'•Ã'•ionÃ'• technology.Ð…ocial reÃ'•ponÃ'•ibility addÃ'• an ethical imperative to do thoÃ'•e thingÃ'• that make Ã'•ociety better and not to do thoÃ'•e that could make it worÃ'•e. FirÃ'•tly, if an organization actÃ'• Ã'•ocially reÃ'•ponÃ'•ible it encourageÃ'• Ã'•hareholderÃ'• intereÃ'•t aÃ'• it will improve a buÃ'•ineÃ'•Ã'•'Ã'• Ã'•hare price in the future.... Mr. Pauli i a buineman who concentrate on been a ocial entrepreneur believing that a organiation operate in the twenty-firt-century their effort mut be divided between not only been financially utainable, but ocially utainable a well meaning that a firm need the capacity to adapt to changing ocietal condition. Mr. Pauli' aim i to create manufacturing facilitie that function to completely abolih wate by reuing or recycling all the raw material they take in. Additionally Mr. Pauli i the former CEO of a Belgium company Ecover that produce cleaning product from natural oap and renewable raw material, operating at a near-zero-emiion factory. Ecover develop high-technology product baed on a matery of the chemitry of renewable reource in order to etablih utainable economic and ocial development. (Robbin, Bergman, tagg, Coulter, 2003). A a great amount of media interet occurred, he left Ecover and moved to Tokyo to work for the United Nation Univerity and the Zero Emiion Reearch Initiative (ZERI) trying to achieve zero-emiion technology. Body of Analyi Argument For and Againt ocial Reponibility ocial reponibility add an ethical imperative to do thoe thing that make ociety better and not to do thoe that could make it wore. Below are three (3) benefit in favor of ocial reponibility and three (3) argument againt the concept. Firtly, if an organization act ocially reponible it encourage hareholder interet a it will improve a buine' hare price in the future. Manager hould be aiming to maximie the number of hareholder thu, accepting numerou ocial obligation and the cot that go with them, in order to protect and maintain ociety' welfare by not polluting, dicriminating or puruing any deceptive advertiing along with been an advocate in improving ociety by

Zara Organizational Structure

Zara Organizational Structure Structure relates to a skeletal framework of activities and processes in an organisation and specifies the roles of these in achieving goals and objectives of the organisation. According to (Mullins, 2009), a good structure is highly important due to the fact that decisions on structure are primary strategic decisions which can make or break an organisation. One important aspect of a good structure is the human element. Organisation structure should be designed so as to encourage employees and increase the morale and job satisfaction of organisation members which will result to overall organisation efficiency. (Mullins, 2006) describes nine basic considerations in the design of organisation structure. The fundamental step is to define organisational objectives to enable further analysis and comparisons of other forms of structure. Clarification of objectives A clear definition of objectives is vital to provide a framework for the design of structure of an organisation. Organisation objectives provide fundamental schemes for division of labour and creation of group units and sub units. Clearly stated aims and objectives will assist in decisions on the strategy and structural dimension to employ to achieve organisational objectives. Task and element functions Certain functions must be performed in order to produce a good or service, from the development of the good or service to finance of resources used in the complete processing. These functions are referred to as the task functions. The results of the task functions must be coordinated to ensure the efficient achievement of total objectives of the organisation. Element functions refer to vital parts of the management process and are supportive of the task functions such as human resources and public relations. Division of work An organisation needs to accomplish an overall task of allocating many different activities to groups of people or individuals to achieve its objectives. The division of work and grouping together of individuals should be organised according to a basic criterion to establish a coherent link between the activities involved. The division of work and linkage of activities occur in various ways such as specialisation, use of similar resources or common expertise of organisation members as the most commonly used basis for grouping activities. Others include division by product or service, division by location, division by nature of the work performed, division according to common time scales such as shift working, division according to staff employed such as allocation of work based on experience and so on. Centralisation and decentralisation The extent of centralisation or decentralisation refers to the point of critical decision making in an organisation which reflects patterns of authority in a structure. In centralised structures decision making authority is within the power of top management while decentralised structures, decision making authority is delegated (Rollinson, 2005). The arguments in favour of centralisation in an organisation entail the easier implementation of a common policy, easier coordination and management control, preventing sub-units from becoming too independent, over-head cost reduction and faster decision making because of the smaller number of people involved. In contrary, arguments for decentralisation include decisions being made at a point closer to operational levels, increased responsiveness to local circumstances, improved level of personal customer service, more flexible structure, control is distributed more evenly which provides opportunity for development for those lower down, and encouraging effect on motivation and morale of staff. Basically, decentralisation tends to be easier to implement in the private sector organisations than public sector ones where procedures and protocols are the order of the day. Decentralisation being a more flexible approach provides support for employee participation and empowerment at all levels which increases innovation and improves technology while centralisation ensures professionalism in all activities by maintaining effective coordination and overall control of the organisations activities as a whole. A mix of both such as being global and local, practically being decentralised with a central control and authority should produce an organisational advantage. A vivid illustration of decentralisation is the Zara fashion enterprise (cited in Mullins, 2009, p.596), where the company derived its success from integration of design, production, logistics and sales within companies globally rather than separating and outsourcing this different business elements unlike its contemporaries in the fashion industry, while still keeping control of all major operations in Spain. The company rejected rigid organisational structures in favour of a more flexible approach which comes from a highly integrated, fast and efficient form of communication between its global network of outlets and central hub of operations in Spain. The industry average time for introducing a design into the shops is six to nine months; Zara achieves this task in three to four weeks. What is peculiar here is that Zara only makes what is selling at the moment, store assistants and managers constantly get information about what is selling and how quickly it leaves the racks implyin g that local managers have a strong influence on their stores success and thus the company overall. On the other hand, an illustration of centralisation is that of Nissan Motor Company (cited in Certo and Certo, 2006, p.123), a successful global automobile manufacturing company where the new CEO ordered calls for the elimination of 30 per cent of production capacity in Japan due to recent financial difficulties. The CEOs plan is to help reduce expenses as well as close offices in New York and Washington with a view to centralise company operations in Japan to enhance success. Principles of organisation The ten principles of organisation include principles of the objective, specialisation, co-ordination, authority, responsibility, definition, correspondence, span of control, balance and principle of continuity. Span of control This refers to number of subordinates who report directly to a particular manager or supervisor. Span of control is larger at lower levels of the organisation where responsibility is concerned more with the performance of specific tasks. If span of control is too wide, supervising too many subordinates effectively becomes difficult and stressful for managers as well as planning and development, training and control. Narrow span of control may lead to low morale and initiative of subordinates due to close supervision level, and also increase administrative costs. Chain of command This refers to the number of different levels in the structure of the organisation, the chain of hierarchical command. Every employee must know there position within the organisation structure. The combination of chain of command and span of control determines the overall pyramid shape of the organisation and whether the hierarchical structure is flat or tall. Flat hierarchical structure depict a broader span of control and few levels of authority while tall structure depicts narrower spans of control and more levels of authority. There is no ideal hierarchical structure but it is best to have a balance of both. An illustration is Mc Donalds fast-food restaurants (cited in Certo and Certo, 2006, p.236). Mc Donalds decided to reorganise its global senior management team as a reaction to its recent poor financial performance. This involved creating two geographic areas of responsibility. The new positions focuses on managing operations in the Americas while the other in Europe, Asia and the Pacific. The new structure evolved with a view to create clearer lines of responsibility and more focus on the companys financial performance within the territories. The new organisation hierarchy was also aimed at helping the company make business decisions more quickly. Formal organisational relationships This refers to individual authority relationships arising from defined patterns of responsibility in an organisation. This are identified as; line relationships where there is a direct relationship between subordinate and supervisor; functional relationships between people in advisory positions, and line managers and their supervisors; staff relationships are usually personal assistants who exercise only representative authority. Line and staff organisation This provides a means of making full use of specialists while maintaining the concept of line authority. Project team and matrix organisation A project team refers to a separate unit set up temporarily for a particular project which is disbanded when the duration elapses while matrix organisation involves functional departments specialising in numerous activities. In conclusion, the overall effectiveness of the organisation will be influenced both by a healthy structural design, and by the behaviour of people who work within the structure. There are numerous variables and factors which influence the soundest structure. Nothing like a perfect organisation exists but it is crucial to establish a framework of order and system through which organisation activities can be planned, organised, directed and controlled. Since structure divides up the organisation into different parts and specifies what roles these will play in achieving specific aims and objectives, it also provides for control and coordination of the parts to achieve this goals. Basically, the essence of structure is the division of work among organisation members, the coordination of activities and various jobs which are inter-related. References Certo S.C and Certo S.T. (2006) Modern Management. 10th edn. Prentice Hall Mullins, L.J. (2009) Management and Organisational Behaviour. 8th edn. Financial Time Press Rollinson, D. (2005) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. 3rd edn. Financial Times/ Prentice Hall

The Dreamer and the Dream :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Dreamer and the Dream Even after all these years of dreaming I am still dumbfounded by the intricacy and originality of the "props" that lie scattered across the dream stage. One of my dreams, for instance, featured a carefully crafted letter from a past love which included a map of the Pacific Coast near Seattle with a cardboard sailing ship that slowly sailed south by southwest as I lifted the page. It was so clever that I wondered out loud "how did she do that?" and turned over the page to discover a small slit made rigid with a careful application of black wax. The ship was attached by a pin which passed through the slot; the pin had a small black plastic cap that kept it in place. The mechanism was crafted so that the force of gravity caused a stately procession of the ship shortly after the page was lifted. So that's how the letter worked, but how did the dream itself work? I won't ask what it "means," but, in general, how do dreams do what they do? Are there any patterns we can detect? If I could turn my dream over what kind of pins and slots would I find? The basic pattern I sense is a dichotomy, two distinct and often opposing forces: the dreamer and the dream. The dreamer is like a hobbled version of my waking "self." Perspectives in a dream often shift in bizarre ways - one minute I am watching a movie, the next I am in the movie, first as one character then as another - but there is generally a "me" in the dream. When people describe dreams they say "I did this. Then I saw that." Despite all the shifting imagery we perceive ourselves as being "in" the dream. But the me in the dream is different from the me I experience in waking life. For one thing, I can't seem to think clearly in dreams. I've had dreams in which I struggle at great length with some simple mathematical problem; upon waking the answer is obvious. I sometimes try to take notes in my dreams but to no avail: the dream "me" cannot read. (I can "pretend read", that is, I can look at a newspaper or letter and seem to read a story, but I'm not actually seeing the words; even if I try to write I cannot see the actual words I've written. The Dreamer and the Dream :: Personal Narrative Essays The Dreamer and the Dream Even after all these years of dreaming I am still dumbfounded by the intricacy and originality of the "props" that lie scattered across the dream stage. One of my dreams, for instance, featured a carefully crafted letter from a past love which included a map of the Pacific Coast near Seattle with a cardboard sailing ship that slowly sailed south by southwest as I lifted the page. It was so clever that I wondered out loud "how did she do that?" and turned over the page to discover a small slit made rigid with a careful application of black wax. The ship was attached by a pin which passed through the slot; the pin had a small black plastic cap that kept it in place. The mechanism was crafted so that the force of gravity caused a stately procession of the ship shortly after the page was lifted. So that's how the letter worked, but how did the dream itself work? I won't ask what it "means," but, in general, how do dreams do what they do? Are there any patterns we can detect? If I could turn my dream over what kind of pins and slots would I find? The basic pattern I sense is a dichotomy, two distinct and often opposing forces: the dreamer and the dream. The dreamer is like a hobbled version of my waking "self." Perspectives in a dream often shift in bizarre ways - one minute I am watching a movie, the next I am in the movie, first as one character then as another - but there is generally a "me" in the dream. When people describe dreams they say "I did this. Then I saw that." Despite all the shifting imagery we perceive ourselves as being "in" the dream. But the me in the dream is different from the me I experience in waking life. For one thing, I can't seem to think clearly in dreams. I've had dreams in which I struggle at great length with some simple mathematical problem; upon waking the answer is obvious. I sometimes try to take notes in my dreams but to no avail: the dream "me" cannot read. (I can "pretend read", that is, I can look at a newspaper or letter and seem to read a story, but I'm not actually seeing the words; even if I try to write I cannot see the actual words I've written.

The World is Flat †Thomas Friedman

1. Do you agree or disagree with Friedman’s assessment that the world is flat? Be sure to justify your answer I agree with Friedman that technology has made the world flat. But there is another point of view disagree with Friedman stating that there are still many people that do not have access to technology and for them the world is still round.2. What are the potential impacts of a flat world for a student performing a job search? In a flat world it is far more difficult to get a job because competition will be increasing at an incredible rate. There are currently 1 billion people online in 2006. It is anticipated that 4 billion people will be online by 2010. As the next 3 billion people come online in the next 4 years competition is going to dramatically increase. But the truth is that Students can now perform a global job search right from their apartment. A student in Chicago can accept a job in Tokyo and never leave the apartment, even when the job starts.3. What can stu dents do to prepare themselves for competing in a flat world? Businesses operate using technology and understanding how business and technology relate will help them achieve success. They can use it as advantage in their completion. And they will gain more skills and learn new ideas4. Identify a current flattener not mentioned on Friedman’s list Videophones and collaboration tools allowing people to meet face-to-face even when they are in different parts of the world Technologies such as Voice-over-IP that offer a cheap alternative to traditional long-distance carriers

George Berkeley’s Argument and Proof on God’s Existence Essay

Questioning about the eternal mystery about the existence of one Supreme Being may appear to be one of the most controversial topics to discuss. Wherever one goes in the world, people would always tend to take this issue of a God as a very sensitive and insightful issue to debate about. With this perceived controversy about the existence of God, a lot of philosophers have dared explore and expound on the topic better. Some of them presented positively appealing views; however there were also some who chose to present a rather contradicting and appalling statement about the reality of one Supreme God. And in dealing about this topic, one of the most surprising and rather intriguing arguments is from George Berkeley. Unlike any other, his claim appeared to be surprising as he argues that religion and science are not always two contradicting fields, thus, the ideas of God’s existence and science can indeed support each other. God and Science: Idealism and Representationalism More often than not, people have always encountered conflicting claims from religion and the fields of science. This may be brought by the conflicting bases of belief which the two fields have. Religion as the more mystic and supernatural field would tend to base its creed on beliefs established by tradition, time and holy scriptures, while science on the other hand would tend to base its conclusions on hard, cold facts. However, one interesting claim and argument is presented by the great mind, George Berkeley who disputed that science can also be compatible and supportive of the idea about the existence of one God (Berkeley Reading, 2009). He argues that the representationalist minds of men are the factors which make them skeptical about ideas such as a Supreme Being. This is because representationalism promotes the belief in things which can be supported and explained by material things. And this is the idea which Berkeley chose to debunk. He argues that, people can only avoid skepticism if only they will choose not to base things on material facts, because not all ideas and concepts are actually explained by these material bases. This is his explanation of Idealism and this is his first basis about his claim that a Supreme God indeed exist. Moreover, Berkeley insists that â€Å"the existence of God is far more evidently perceived than the existence of men† (Priest, 2007). Thus this implies that as people try harder to explain God existence than men’s existence it can be said that God appears to have a more significant reality and existence than men. As more people try to explain God as a supreme being, the more that the idea proves to be stronger. Berkeley believes this argument since he supports the claim that the belief in God’s existence is the product of all men’s ideas, as compared to the belief in men’s existence which is but an inference of one’s ideas. Therefore this logic implies that the evidence of God’s existence if far greater that the evidence of men’s existence (Priest, 2007). And this is another strong point of Berkeley’s argument about God’s reality. George Berkeley like Rene Descartes is a fan of science which is innately a material fact-dependent field. This is the reason why it appears rather surprising how he can explain such a supernatural concept with supporting ideas from science. It is also surprising and very puzzling how Berkeley can argue that matter is not always the basis of the explanation about the existence of things. And this is because he rather believes in the idea of â€Å"sensible things† than of â€Å"matter. † This also shows that Berkeley believes more on ideas over matter. However, he still relies on matter as basis of explanation since it can explain the existence of material things. And since God is immaterial, it supports his claim that God, indeed, cannot be explained materially like any other things people perceive as material. In several ways, this claim of Berkeley also shows that he supports the idea that not all things are material; that there are things which will not be ‘visible’ but rather be ‘sensible’. Thus for Berkeley, reality does not just stand on solid material bases but also on strong sensible perceptions. Assessment of Berkeley’s Claims In many ways, George Berkeley’s ways may appear puzzling and incomprehensible in some parts. This is quite understandable since people have been used to the notion that science is just based from real, concrete facts. Unlike science, religion and belief in supernatural forces has always based its creed on invisible, immaterial and rather intangible forces. But although science and religion appear to repel each other’s ideas and views, Berkeley was still able to merge these two fields in explaining his own perception on the existence of God. Berkeley’s effort of expounding on the idea of God’s existence roots from his need of having something that explains order and regularity in the world (Yuksel, 2005). Berkeley himself believes that aside from the material things and forces, there is one intangible and invisible idea whose existence is far stronger and greater than any other material force’s existence. Thus, since this inference is based on a personal need, it also appears that Berkeley actually based his claims on what he chose to believe in; that since he needed an explanation on the seemingly invisible force which promotes order in the world, he rather chose to explain it as God. It is undeniable that his differentiation of materiality and sensibility has been a struggle. Up to now, there are still some aspects of this claim which appears like a blur. One man previously challenged this claim by asking that, if Berkeley closes his eyes and he cannot see, does he also closes an idea or does he eliminates a material thing (Yuksel, 2005)? This challenges Berkeley’s argument that materiality is not always the sole bases fro truth, rather there is also sensibility. Although in many ways, Berkeley’s arguments may really seem puzzling and confusing, it also appears that he delivered his ideas in such a very systematic and well expounded way. Truly, people have their choice as to whether or not to believe in one Supreme Being. People also have the liberation as to how to perceive this Supreme God. And in this context, Berkeley also has his own way. It just so happened that the bases he chose are two of the most repelling and contradicting ideas in the world of humankind. Thus, it is understandable why his argument remains intriguing and puzzling in many ways. References â€Å"File Uploaded. † (2009). Berkeley Reading. Priest, S. (2007). The British Empiricist. New York: Routledge. Yuksel, E. (2005). â€Å"Descartes vs. Berkeley: On the Two Corners of the Triangle. † The Islamic Reformer. Yuksel. org. Retrieved March 18, 2009 from http://www. yuksel. org/e/philosophy/triangle. htm

Free Essays on My Response To Myths And Stereotypes Of African Americans

Growing up as an African American female, I have been exposed to many forms of racism. Many times I have wondered how and why â€Å"white† people were so hateful towards â€Å"black people†, who were by no means inferior to them. In my generation, I cannot say that I have truly â€Å"suffered†. My parents, on the other hand, could tell me very hateful stories concerning racism. I could never understand the hate that they have towards us. I could understand if there had been some sort of conflict we hade encountered with them, but I had never heard of such a thing. I had always been taught that white people had forced Africans, or better yet that some Africans had sold other Africans as slaves. I still was baffled as to why their was so much hate or disgust. In the many accounts of history I have been exposed to, Caucasians seemed to look upon blacks as animals. Why would they refer to us as animals? Is their something that they see in the mirror that we don’t? Do we walk on all fours? Were not we also human and intelligent in our own right? I never could and never will except the belief that I am in some way inferior to whites, or rather non-blacks. I am just as intelligent as they are and can excel just as they can. I never could understand the hate. To be honest, it angers me still as I reflect upon how our people have been treated. As I read the John E. Harris’ â€Å"A Tradition of Myths and Stereotypes†, I started to encounter feelings I had not felt in a long time. I guess a lot of what I know or have heard about racism was repressed. I did not want their hate overtake me and cause me to be as ignorant and hateful as they have been. As I read the assigned coursework, I began to discover that racism was not confined to America, yet it has been passed down to America as well as other places. I never realized that Africans had encountered this derogatory treatment long before. The cruel comments made by the m... Free Essays on My Response To Myths And Stereotypes Of African Americans Free Essays on My Response To Myths And Stereotypes Of African Americans Growing up as an African American female, I have been exposed to many forms of racism. Many times I have wondered how and why â€Å"white† people were so hateful towards â€Å"black people†, who were by no means inferior to them. In my generation, I cannot say that I have truly â€Å"suffered†. My parents, on the other hand, could tell me very hateful stories concerning racism. I could never understand the hate that they have towards us. I could understand if there had been some sort of conflict we hade encountered with them, but I had never heard of such a thing. I had always been taught that white people had forced Africans, or better yet that some Africans had sold other Africans as slaves. I still was baffled as to why their was so much hate or disgust. In the many accounts of history I have been exposed to, Caucasians seemed to look upon blacks as animals. Why would they refer to us as animals? Is their something that they see in the mirror that we don’t? Do we walk on all fours? Were not we also human and intelligent in our own right? I never could and never will except the belief that I am in some way inferior to whites, or rather non-blacks. I am just as intelligent as they are and can excel just as they can. I never could understand the hate. To be honest, it angers me still as I reflect upon how our people have been treated. As I read the John E. Harris’ â€Å"A Tradition of Myths and Stereotypes†, I started to encounter feelings I had not felt in a long time. I guess a lot of what I know or have heard about racism was repressed. I did not want their hate overtake me and cause me to be as ignorant and hateful as they have been. As I read the assigned coursework, I began to discover that racism was not confined to America, yet it has been passed down to America as well as other places. I never realized that Africans had encountered this derogatory treatment long before. The cruel comments made by the m...

Financial Bubbles Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Bubbles - Assignment Example The increase in demand pushed the price of this flower to the sky, leading to market maneuvers of artificial scarcity and artificial price hike. As they say, a bubble bursts when the investors start minting money out of it. Soon when people realized this situation they started selling their stocks and the large contractor started dishonoring their contracts thus resulting in the crash of the bulb market and the bubble burst/ Tech Bubble – 1999 This bubble is also known as the Dot.Com bubble. It happened when the technology market boomed and the internet business was thought to be the star of future profit. NASDAQ soared and so did these internet companies. But then in the late 1999 and the beginning of 2000 saw a crash of this internet bubble when the companies themselves could not take the over burden of these demands and showed losses that very high and pushed the index to a shocking low level, thus resulting in a bubble burst.

Human Resource Management Plan for El Rodeo Mexican Restaurant Food Term Paper - 1

Human Resource Management Plan for El Rodeo Mexican Restaurant Food Chain - Term Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Aumsville is a quiet city in Oregon, USA. Nearly 87% people in the town are white people. There are a few restaurants like Neufeldt's catering the needs of approximately 3000 inmates. There are a few bars, coffee houses, and pizza centers. The population of Latino's, Hispanics and Asian races like Chinese people have been steadily increasing in the area for the past decade. These people come here with immigrant status for labor-oriented work in construction sites, industries and as domestic workers. There is no restaurant serving Chinese, Mexican or other quality continental food in the city. El Rodeo, an upcoming Mexican restaurant chain has decided to open up a branch in Aumsville to cater the needs of the Latino’s there. Mexican food is voted next best to Italian food all over the world. Spicy, traditional and nutritional, the taste Mexican savories have captured people of all ethnicity and age equally. El Rodeo strongly beli eves there will be a good response from the city’s white people as well as the other races in making the restaurant chain a grand success. The restaurant chain teams up with a Serene resort in the area to place their branch in the resort. The resort brings in several tourists to the city for a quite family holiday without any hype. They simply advertise â€Å"no adventure, no shopping and no thrill, just calm and serene† in their promotions.  

Discussion #3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion #3 - Essay Example However, on this particular occasion, it was cold and windy and as my partner – my supervisor on this occasion - and I combed through alleys, we came across an old man who was being held at gun point by a young male. We soon discovered that the point of dispute was an oilskin bag that the old man carried which was bulging with dollar notes. The young male was demanding that the bag be handed over. My superior officer intervened and ordered the young man to step back, but it turned out he had a gun and tried to shoot him. In the ensuing conflict, my superior officer shot the young man and killed him. The old man was effusive in his gratitude and rose, clutching the bag to his chest. That’s when I received a shock. My superior urged me to kill the old man so we could snatch the money and divide it among us. He had exhausted his own bullets on the young man and therefore ordered me to do it. I flatly refused, since it was my duty to rescue the victims, not shoot them because of sudden, overpowering greed, which had obviously overcome my superior officer. This was the first time I deliberately disobeyed an order and it led to a hands on battle between my supervisor and myself with him trying to grab my gun from me. I yelled at the old man to run away and suffered through a severe beating from my officer which left me half dead. I later brought charges against my superior officer before a military tribunal. I became a man that day, when I had to truly face up to what my own values were in a situation where I could have possibly escaped and gotten away with killing the old man and dividing the loot with my supervising officer. However, the fact that it was ethically and morally wrong to steal the property of another was one consideration which restrained me. Another was the fact that it seemed morally very wrong to attempt profit during a time of calamity, when the old man

Plans and direct actions Essay Example for Free

Plans and direct actions Essay A church leader knows how to plan and direct actions to avoid any mistakes being made. He formulates and deploys plans to achieve objectives – he directs the work accordingly until it finishes. He creates different questions in his mind; for example, what to do, why to do it, when to do it, how to do it, who to do, and how to finish it. A church leader’s plans are simple, people who work as group members and other people who follow him understand his plans clearly. He forms teams and give them duties so that they can work with authority and responsibility. He makes rules that people accept to follow. The God wants a church leader to share His vision with his team members and people. A good church leader knows how to put the God given plan into practice. A church leader is the person who influences his team members and leads team members to carry out the agreed objectives, by following the example of the Christ. People under him follow his way of life; a church leader gets people to act on church and mission goals, and he also ministers the need of people. A Church leader humbly realizes that he needs Gods help and needs it in developing good plans that will work for others. These working plans then successfully meet the desired goals. A church leader does not build plans for other people to merely honor them, but he does it for the good of his people with everlasting results. UNCHANGED LOYALTY A church leader demonstrates loyalty that never changes. A church leader is faithful to his promises and duties. He never finds fault in his job; people respect him as a man of God living among them. A church leader gives his life to Gods mission and purpose and spends his entire life doing it. Loyalty being a leadership quality, a church leader is always loyal to God and his people. A church leader needs loyalty to start and grow a church or group. A loyal church leader is the base of a healthy church to grow and a key element for a church to produce other churches. A church leader influences others in his ministry through his loyalty to Jesus Christ as the Savior and Lord. A loyal church leader produces loyal members he starts and finishes his job with his team very well. A successful Christian leader is always keen and willing to work with a community or groups. He has a strong desire to develop community services together. USE OF GOD’S GIFTS God has gifted all people with different abilities and characteristics. Nowadays, this divine gift directs people to serve churches, as ushers, church school teachers, financial officers, directors of food pantries, youth leaders, and in so many other roles. It all starts with gifts, which can be utilized in a variety of ways. Gifts are given by the God to everyone. The God doesn’t limit the gifts to his people, so we shouldn’t limit leadership to others. The potential to lead by using gifts for enabling others in ministry does not requires intelligence, education, economic status, age, gender, or any other human distinction. â€Å"Children and youth, as well as adults, all are gifted. Women and men, boys and girls have all been gifted which they can use in leadership of a church. It does not mean, however, that everyone should be an administrator of a church†. Gifts are several and of different nature, the variety of these gifts is much greater than churches usually realize. There are many gifts beyond the gifts that are usually used in preaching, teaching, and committee work. If one is to use all God given gifts for his leadership within a church, he/she must discover that wide range of gifts, and welcome the spirit to employ them. It is not always an easy task for a human to identify gifts since gifts have strange way of hiding themselves, particularly from those people who hold them. God’s given gifts are so much a part of our personality that people not likely to think of them as gifts. For example, if a person is a good organizer, he must recognize this specialty and take it as a gift given by God. As God’s gifts are discovered by interacting with others. However, discovering gifts is not enough because many people use there gifts haphazardly, with no attention to their development. God’s given gift’s effectiveness can be significantly enhanced through intentional development of them. For example, if a person with natural painting ability can choose not to practice or take lessons and keep his ability as hobby and keeps his gift undefined from being fully utilized for service. The church leaders provide opportunities to people for training and development of Gods given gifts. They are intentional about using these gifts of children and youth in future leadership. The church leaders encourage their members to affirm and identify one another’s gifts. People discover and experiments their gifts in an atmosphere of acceptance provided by the church leader. A church leader expands his understanding in order to be comprehensive and not neglect people’s gifts.

Operation management of Primark and Atlas Honda

Operation management of Primark and Atlas Honda INTRODUCTION The report describes the operation management of PRIMARK and the ATLAS HONDA LIMITED PAKISTAN which are two different companies in two different industries. PRIMARK in garment industry is a big retailer in the high streets for the readymade cloths which is basically belongs to tertiary sector (service) in which it distribute/sell the manufactured goods(cloths)in his retail stores and the ATLAS HONDA is a joint venture which manufacture and sell automobiles which is in manufacturing industry. This report is structured in a way that describe both companies 1: Competitive priority 2: Marketing strategy and also compare and contrast their operations in their industries and report also include the analysis of their internal factors as capacity planning, inventory management, quality control and the external factors as environment, innovation. After the report we will be able to understand the operating management of the two different industries which help us to gain knowledge to design one best operating model which help us in both industries. Before forwarding to the report structure as discuss above we need to know about both companies to be familiar with their operations. PRIMARK PRIMARK is the subsidiary company within the ASSOCIATED BRITISH FOODS and one of the biggest retailer in UK who sell readymade clothes with stylish fashion, design and variety at affordable prices. It focus on womenwear, menwear, childrenwear and home products. In 1969 the first store opened in DUBLIN(IRELAND) in the name of first Pennys store and till 1973 the number of stores reached at18 in all around the IRELAND, in the following year it expanded to GREAT BRITAIN and opened his first stores in DERBY and BRISTOL and in within next 10 years the number of stores become 22 in each. After expansion to GREAT BRITAIN, in 1995 PRIMAK applies the acquisition policy in his expansion and acquire first BHS ONE-UP discount chain in UK 16 stores,then CO-OP with 11 stores, 11stores from retreat ion of A C. After 2005 PIMARK moved to Europe for more expansion and opened stores in SPAIN,PORTUGAL,HOLLAND,GERMANY,BELGIUM. Till September 2010 it has 150 stores in UK. Its competitors are NEXT, ZARA, GAP, RIVER ISLAND etc which compete in different bases of competitive advantage. We take only UK market for the Primark business operation. http://www.primark.co.uk/page.aspx?pointerid=eb44df4565934edca627dac6ec12145a Last access 10th march 2011 ATLAS HONDA LIMITED (AHL) PAKISTAN ATLAS HONDA LIMITED PAKISTAN is a joint venture of ATLAS GROUP and HONDA MOTOR CO.LTD which manufacture and sell motorcycles. The company was created by the merger of Panjdayar LTD and Atlas Autos LTD, in 1988. AHL manufactures and markets Honda motorcycles in collaboration with Honda Motor Company. The Company also manufactures various hi-tech components in-house in collaboration with leading parts manufacturers like Showa Atsumitech, Nippon Denso and Toyo Denso. Honda motorcycles are by far the largest selling motorcycles in the country with an unmatched reputation for high quality, reliability and after-sales-service. ATLAS HONDA manufactures four models of motorcycles 1: CD 70 2: CD 100 3: CG 125 4: CG 125 DELUXE Company has two big inhouse manufacturing capability at Karachi (Sindh) which manufactures 300 units of CD 70 only and Sheikupura (Punjab) plants which manufactures all four models. A vast and growing network of over 1600 sales service and spare parts dealers has been established in all over the country. Company has more than 60% of market share in Pakistan motorbike industry, it exports the products to Bangladesh and Afghanistan. http://www.atlashonda.com.pk/company. Last access 10th of march 2011 COMPARISON/CONTRAST OPERATIONS IN BOTH ENTITIES In any organization the operation function is the part of organization which produces the products and services for that entity, it is not called with same name all the time but it is concerned with managing the core purpose of organization which produce some mix of products and services. nigel slack, stuart chambers, robert johnston , alan betts (2009).operations and process management. 2nd ed. england: pearson education limited. 1-1. In another words the operation is defined as the systematic design, direction and control of process that transform input into services and products for internal, as well as external. Primark and Atlas Honda are two different companies in two different industries, one is a retailer in service industry and 2nd is in manufacturing industry. the service sector create value or add value to the product and manufacture industry produce the tangible product so some similarities and contrast appeared in their operations which can be analyzed and criticize on the basis of their marketing strategy and their competitive priority. MARKETING STRATEGY Market strategy is developed by the entities to fill the gap between current performance and the forecasted performance which is the objective/targets of the entity to achieve, so the company develop the marketing strategy for its product in target market for targeted customers to make them aware to the products and service it provides. Cim,bpp, 76-77 2008 We can use the Ansoffs growth model which is used to analyze the product and market of the company in its marketing strategy. cim (2007). professional diploma in marketing. 3rd ed. london: BPP. 76-78.http://franteractive.net/resources/Ansoff-Matrix.GIF We will use this model to define and criticize the marketing strategy of the Primark and Atlas Honda. MARKETING STRATEGY STRATEGY PRIMARK AHL Market penetration Y N Product development Y Y Market development Y Y Diversification N N Primark has its objective of DELIVERING VALUES AND TRADE ETHICALLY http://www.primark.co.uk/ethical/values last access 10th march 2011 Primark use the leaflets drop, ads on bus shelters, the London Underground and radio ads. university of wales, marketing, database source complete Above marketing strategy used by Primark for his new stores in BRITAIN and it opened six more new stores one of which is in the oxford circus. According to Ansoff model we can explain the marketing strategy of Primark as follows Market development strategy which is in new market in existing product so the entry from Ireland and to Britain and other European countries is the example of entry in new market. Product development is in new product in new market, so Primark products are women, men, child wears but it include homemade garments as well, product development strategy basically elicited the customers to come in the store for all his garment needs. But the problem in market development strategy is the high distribution cost which Primark used to distribute his merchandise which it get form Asian countries and distribute them to his different stores which cost him high and reduce his profit. http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/jun2009/gb20090616%5f4 498429.htm. Market penetration is to enter in the market with the low price to compete in the market as the GILLETTE company sell his MACH 3 new product in the market on 60% of cost which is the best example of market penetration to enter in the market with low price, so the entrance of Primark in the BRITAIN garment industry is the market penetration in the presence of GAP,NEXT etc, with low cost strategy, but market penetration strategy has the main criticize is that it starts the price war in the market and through the small entities out of business Diversification is to diversify from the industry to another industry which comes into unrelated diversification so the parent company of Primark ASSOCIATED BRITISH FOOD, who diversify from food to garment is the unrelated diversification. But Primark has it self not any diversified activity in any other industries. ATLAS HONDA use mostly the electronic media for his products marketing as internet, television ads, salesmen etc. For CD 70 and CD 100 Atlas Honda target middle income families and mostly these bikes used in villages due to the brand loyalty and durability. CG 125 and CG125 DELUXE these both bikes target the special segment of market with the customers who want to pay more for high speed and beauty of the products. DIVERSIFIATION is the Honda joints venture in Pakistan as Atlas Honda is his related diversification in motorbike industry. The problem with Atlas Honda in his joint venture is that it manufacturing units in Pakistan and the changing political parties and insecurity affecting its this diversified product making units which affect the motorbike production and the business as well. Product Development is the four type of product CD 70, CD 100, CG125, CG125 DELUXE are the example in market for product development, the Atlas Honda believe in quality in return of high prices which opened the ways for his competitors with low cost and low price strategy like Chinese company STAR, SOHRAB, LIFAN etc. which affect the market share ( 63% in Pakistan) and the profit of the company. Market Development strategy of ATLAS HONDA is it exporting the products to Bangladesh and Afghanistan is its market development in other countries, this means the distribution cost will be high for Atlas Honda and affect his sale and profit in the market. COMPETITIVE PRIORITY Competitive priority include low cost operations, top quality, consistent quality, delivery speed, on time delivery, development speed, customization, variety and volume flexibility, these are the competitive priorities which set a company aside and superior to the rest of the companies in the industries by the result of his operations, it is not necessary that a company acquire all of them to compete but it can get any mixture of them to perform well. Under we show the similarity and contrast in the competitive priority of the PRIMAK and ATLAS HONDA LIMITED. It is need to be cleared that under the table the element of competitive priority is categorized in four broad concepts. COMPETITVE PRIORITY C.P PRIMARK ATLAS HONDA LTD QUALITY TOP QUALITY N Y CONSISTANT QUALITY Y Y COST LOW COST OPERATIONS Y N TIME DELIVERY SPEED N Y ONTIME DEIVERY N Y DEVELOPMENT SPEED Y Y FLEXIBILITY CUTOMISATION N Y VARIETY Y Y VOLUME FLEXIBILITY Y Y QUALITY Quality is different for different customers, quality is simply defined as the completeness of features, value for money, conformance of specification, reputation. Consistent quality In the case of Primark and the AHL both companies products have the similar feature of consistent quality as in the Primark in garment industry sell fashion cloths for men, women, children and homemade products and AHL in motorbike industry both meet their design and specifications on the continuous basis to maintain the consistent quality of their products Top quality on the other hand the AHL is manufacturing and selling the top quality motorbikes in the motorbike industry of Pakistan thats why AHL has 63% market share in the market but the Primark is selling low quality products in the garment industry of Britain against his major competitors GAP, NEXT, ZARA which is the major difference in both of companies. COST Cost feature include manufacturing cost, value added cost, running cost, service cost and selling price is included Low cost operations: Primark is the strategy of low cost on which it sell its outsourced garment products to the customers by adding its services with its efficiently designed and operation process (appendix 2).so this strategy in the motorbike industry of AHL in Pakistan is applied by Star company and Titan company is the example of low cost operations. So in the Primark business the low cost operations credit goes to its supplies from its suppliers who operating their activities in low wage and other low production cost countries like Bangladesh. But the AHL is differentiate strategy for its product so its premium charges for his products in the market and this example in the garment industry is the ZARA, NEXT, GAP etc in the garment industry of UK. AHL operations are in house system in which a efficient manufacturing process is undertaken with all new production and management techniques (JIT, MRP, TQM)and charge the highest price in the market. (appendix 1show the process of operation in both companies) TIME Time included the delivery time, manufacturing lead time, due date, frequency of delivery, rate of production of the entity. AHL has its two manufacturing plants one is in Karachi and 2nd is in Shekhupura, AHL has Karachi plant produce 300 units of motorcycle per day. AHL has design its process efficiently to minimize the manufacturing lead time and fulfill the customers orders on time but again this internal efficiency depend on suppliers relation and efficient supply chain. The production example given 300 units for Karachi plant is the best example of manufacturing speed which is short and good for the company and this in return help on time delivery system where demand occur. The Primark outsourced its garment products from ASIAN countries mainly from Bangladesh, so according to the nature of the business in its industry the Primark has face fast development speed in the products because its products become out of fashion very fast so Primark has need the good relationship with its supplier because of its fast changing industry nature so wants the continuous deliveries. AHL also used the product development in its manufacturing plants in KARACHI and SHEHUPURA for introduction of new products. FLEXIBILITY Flexibility include the customization, variety and the volume of the production. The AHL production have all the customization, variety and volume features are included for example the four different products it produce is one feature of customization, variety and volume in production process is to support larger volume production and quickly manage within fluctuating demand which is again come in AHL production system in which it produce four type of customized motorbikes for targeted customers market with the production capacity of 600000 per year. The variety and volume flexibility is also seen in the Primark retail stores in which large amount of fashion cloths for all men, women and children are on the shelf and in the warehouses but the customization is in the product is not inside its process because it sell the products TO general public in the market. B: criticize 1: CAPACITY MANAGEMENT Capacity information is used by the companies to analyze and maximize their output, understand the companies capacity cushion and use the information for long and short term decision for expansion strategies. Capacity planning is a systematic approach to three issues pertaining to capacity,estimating the amount of capacity required, evaluating the alternative methods to augmenting the capacity and devising methods to use capacity effectively. b.mahadeven (2007). operations management theory and practice. new delhi: dorling kindersley. 219-221. The firm go through the situation of overcapacity, appropriate capacity and inappropriate capacity. The size, time and capacity become the constrains in the organizations. The company use the expansion and see and wait policy to cope when they face the constrains for example the BRITISH AIRLINE use the seats as his capacity, PRIMARK floor space and the ATLAS HONDA use his machines or the process in the one constrain theory as a capacity which become the constrain at the time of demand. In short time company use to manage itself within capacity but in long term it use to expand by acquisition or investment in the operation process. The capacity management take long time to manage if it applied by expansion policy with the large investment in operations to cope with demand but in short term lose the increased demand. Capacity planning included the judgment with based on the experience and the capacity planning used to get the economy of scale but after an specific point this benefit turns into the marginal increased unit cost which start to reducing the profit. b.mahadeven (2007). operations management theory and practice. new delhi: dorling kindersley. 219-235. Inventory management. Inventory management can be defined as Systems and processes that identify inventory requirements, set targets, provide replenishment techniques and report actual and projected inventory status. The companies use the different inventory methods for managing inventories 1: Just in time (JIT) In the JIT method the company use the pull strategy according to which it place orders when it requires for production or demand by customer. CIMA P7, CIMA PUBLISHER,2005 2: Economic Order Quantity(EOQ) The EOQ system is a quantitative method for inventory management , which minimize the inventory holding cost and ordering cost by use of a formula : à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡2*A*CP/CH 3: SAFETY STOCK Is a PUSH POLICY, safety stock is normally used traditionally to cope with unanticipated demand so the large buffer stock is retained in the big warehouses to manage with the unforeseen demand otherwise the company lose the sales and there will emerge the danger to lose the customer so company pay more to stock the inventory and pay more to stocking. 4: ABC INVENTORY is use to cauterize the inventory according to their value in organization . The companies used to manage their inventory because on average, 56 cents out of every dollar of revenue (i.e. 56 percent of revenue) to cover the direct cost of purchased goods, with this percentage figure being even higher for the typical wholesaler or retailer (Monczka et al., 2002; Handfield, 2002). Add to this figure the indirect cost of having to manage inventory of purchased goods (which has been estimated to be 30-35 percent of the value of purchased goods see Chase et al., 2004)and the total cost of purchased goods inventory can be quite alarming. The inventory management need the investment and warehouse which used by PRIMARK who received the outsourced supplies and distribute to other stores in Europe which cost him high and reduce profit. The inventory management polices as JIT and ABC systems want the basic changes in operation and the process and affect the emplyees as well to understand the them. New inventory policy as JIT want supplier commitment because it change the whole supply chain and want the amendment in suppliers system so it affect all supply chain system. organizational management and information system,2005,oxford,c.i.m.a The PRIMRK and the AHL need to decide the inventory management system before the decision of capacity management because the JIT system not need high investment on expansion policy. PERFORMANCE MEASURE Here we use two type of performance measure 1: Multidimensional performance measure Balance scorecard 2: Qualitative performance measure Matrices 1: BALANCE SCORECARD The balanced scorecard translates mission and strategy into objectives and measure into four different perspectives provide a framework, a language, to communicate mission and strategy, it uses measurement to inform employees about the drivers of current and future success. By articulating the outcomes the organization desires and the drivers of those outcomes, senior executives hope to channel the energies, the abilities, and the specific knowledge of people throughout the organization towards achieving long term goal. It should be used as a communication, informing, and learning system not controlling. (adopted, Kaplan and nortan, 1996, p.25) Balance scorecard does not lead to a single aggregate summary control for example if we use RETURN ON INVESTMENT (ROI) it conveniently show how things are going. No clear relation between the BSC and shareholders value. Measure may give conflicting signals and confuse management. For example high customer satisfaction lead to falling financial indicators. BSC involves substantial shifts in corporate culture to implement. So if the AHL and the PRIMARK use the balance scorecard for their performance measure the above problems also occur in the system. So the capacity management and the inventory management comes in the internal business process part of the balance scorecard. Supply chain value Normally porters value chain model used for analyzing the operating process in manufacturing industry but we can use it in service industries as well. These activities are linked with each other to create value for the customer in the product and service. (appendix 1 shows the value chain of both companies). But the supply chain value add two more componenets in the value chain. Supply value chain à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ company value chain à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ customer value chain According to a July 16 report in The Wall Street Journal, Nissan Motor Co. halted production at four factories in Japan and at two auto manufacturing plants in the United States for three days in July due to a delay in the shipment of engine control units from supplier Hitachi Ltd. Hitachi officials said the delay was caused by a shortage of semiconductor chips from its suppliers. Nissan, which had adopted the Lean model about five years ago and dramatically reduced its inventory, said the production stoppage will reduce the companys output by 15,000 vehicles. However, Lean expert Matt Wrye, who writes the Beyond Lean blog (beyondlean.wordpress.com), said that Nissans issues were the result of a misapplication of Lean techniques. If you had hiccups in procurement, Lean behavior would ask questions around what are the hiccups in procurement, he wrote. Then Nissan would solve [these] problems, not arbitrarily start to add more suppliers just in case they have a similar hiccup in the future. http://www.isixsigma.com/index.php?option=com_k2view=itemid=1699Itemid=156 last access 22 march 2011 Total Quality management TQM is a process and philosophy of achieving best possible outcomes from the inputs, by using them effectively and efficiently in order to deliver best value for the customer, while achieving long term objectives of the organization. r.ashley.rawlins (2008). total quality management. london: authur house. 5-10. TQM involves the three main components Customer satisfaction involve conformance to specification, value, fitness for purpose, support, psychological impression Employee involvement include cultural change, teams. Continuous improvement is based on the philosophy of KAIZEN theory, to improve in each aspect of the entity. Quality as four type of cost Prevention example check the inbound logistic Appraisal example quality of inbounds Internal failure include cost of failure before sell to customers External failure example warrantee, guarantee TQM is the continuous improvement in the product and services which is not enough because the quality is what the customer so the AHL not only continuous improve the process but also make sure the customers needs in his products. TQM is not easy to apply but it needs a long time to internalize in the companies all aspect and it is also expensive for any company for example if Primark want the quality in his services it need to implement in each activity. TQM want the employee commitment so it is not easy to get the person to do what you want . TQM wants the cultural change in the organization which is a challenge for the organization and if not implemented successfully its become the danger for the companys survival. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3257/is_n12_v47/ai_14858551/?tag=content;col1 last access 21 march 2011 1: